1成果简介

电磁污染已成为继水污染、空气污染和噪声污染之后的第五大污染。随着5G/6G通信、物联网和电子设备的迅猛发展,电磁干扰(EMI)不仅影响精密仪器正常运行,更对人类健康构成潜在威胁。微波吸收材料能够将入射电磁波能量转化为热能或其他形式能量耗散,是解决电磁污染的关键功能材料。理想的微波吸收材料应满足"薄、轻、宽、强"四大核心要求——厚度薄、密度轻、吸收频带宽、吸收强度大。然而,现有吸波材料往往难以同时兼顾这些性能:铁氧体密度大、高频特性差;磁性金属易腐蚀、匹配厚度大;纯碳材料阻抗匹配不佳、磁损耗弱。如何设计轻质超薄、宽频强吸收的新型吸波材料,是电磁防护领域的核心挑战。 生物质碳材料来源于农林废弃物,具有来源广泛、价格低廉、结构可调、绿色可持续等优势,是吸波材料前驱体的理想选择。甘蔗渣作为制糖工业的主要副产物,全球年产量超过5亿吨,目前主要作为燃料或饲料低值利用。甘蔗渣富含纤维素和木质素,是制备多孔碳材料的优质前驱体。然而,纯生物质碳材料磁损耗弱,阻抗匹配差,吸波性能有限。引入磁性金属(如Co)构建碳/磁金属复合结构,可有效协同介电损耗和磁损耗,优化阻抗匹配,提升吸波性能。 本文,中山大学郑丽雅 副教授团队在《ACS Sustainable Resource Management》期刊发表名为"Ultrathin Bagasse-Derived Hierarchical C/Co Composites for High-Performance Microwave Absorption"的论文。该研究以甘蔗渣为碳前驱体,通过原位催化碳化和磁化策略,构筑了超薄分级结构C/Co复合材料,实现了高性能微波吸收。 该工作的核心创新在于:(1) 甘蔗渣变废为宝——将制糖工业废弃物转化为高值微波吸收材料,实现资源可持续利用;(2) 分级结构设计——甘蔗渣天然的分级多孔结构被有效保留,为电磁波多重反射和散射提供了丰富界面;(3) C/Co协同效应——碳骨架提供介电损耗和轻质特性,Co纳米颗粒提供磁损耗和磁-介电协同,优化阻抗匹配;(4) 超薄匹配厚度——分级C/Co复合结构实现了极薄的匹配厚度,满足"薄、轻、宽、强"的实用化需求。 2图文导读

图1、C/Co复合材料制造工艺的示意图。

图2. (a) XRD patterns and (b) Raman spectra of the C/Co composites, (c) TGA curves of the C/Co composites recorded in air from room temperature to 600 °C, (d) Co contents of the C/Co composites measured by ICP-OES and calculated from TGA, and (e, f) N2 adsorption−desorption isotherms and pore size distributions of C/0Co and C/0.7Co composites.

图3. (a) XPS spectra of the C/Co composites, (b) XPS spectra of Co 2p, (c) C 1s, and (d) O 1s of the C/0.6Co composite, (e) XPS spectra of C 1s, and (f) O 1s of the C/0Co composite.

图4. (a−c) SEM images of pyrolyzed bagasse. (d−i) SEM images of the C/Co composites with different Co contents: (d) C/0Co, (e) C/0.4Co, (f) C/0.6Co, (g) C/0.7Co, (h) C/0.8Co, and (i) C/1.0Co. The insets in (b) show the microstructure of the pore walls. (j, k) TEM images and (l) HRTEM image of the C/0.7Co composite. (m) HRTEM image of a local Co crystalline region. (n) HRTEM image of the selected region in (l). (o−q) EDS elemental mapping images of the C/0.7Co composite.

图5. 2D and 3D reflection loss plots of C/Co composites at different thicknesses: (a, d) C/0Co, (b, e) C/0.4Co, (c, f) C/0.6Co, (g, j) C/0.7Co, (h, k) C/0.8Co, and (i, l) C/1.0Co.

图6. Complex permittivity and permeability of the C/Co composites, (a, d) real parts (ε′ and μ′), (b, e) imaginary parts (ε″ and μ″), (c) dielectric loss tangent (tan δε), and (f) magnetic loss tangent (tan δμ), Cole−Cole curves of (g) C/0.6Co and (h) C/0.7Co composites, (i) magnetic hysteresis loops measured by VSM, (j) fitted conduction loss and (k) polarization loss contributions, (l) eddy current loss coefficient (C0).

图7. Electromagnetic performance and microwave absorption properties of the C/Co composites. Reflection loss and impedance matching of the (a, b) C/0.6Co and (c) C/0.7Co, (d, e) reflection loss at different thicknesses and quarter-wavelength matching thickness (Tm) based on λ/4 theory for C/0.6Co and C/0.7Co, respectively, (f) impedance matching and (g) attenuation coefficient of all composites, (h) comparison of the microwave absorption performance of the composites in this study with previously reported materials, (i−k) reproducibility of electromagnetic wave absorption performance of the C/0.6Co and C/0.7Co composites.

图8. Microwave absorption mechanism in the C/Co composite material. 3小结 总而言之,该工作以制糖工业废弃物甘蔗渣为前驱体,通过原位催化碳化和磁化策略,构筑了超薄分级结构C/Co复合材料,实现了高性能微波吸收。核心发现与贡献包括: 1. 甘蔗渣变废为宝——将年产量超5亿吨的低值制糖副产物转化为高值微波吸收材料,实现了农林废弃物的可持续资源化利用; 2. 分级结构继承与增强——甘蔗渣天然的分级多孔结构被有效继承,为电磁波多重反射、散射和极化损耗提供了丰富界面; 3. C/Co协同优化阻抗匹配——碳骨架的介电损耗与Co纳米颗粒的磁损耗协同,实现了优异阻抗匹配,使更多电磁波进入材料内部被耗散; 4. 超薄匹配厚度——分级C/Co复合材料仅需~1-2 mm级超薄匹配厚度即可实现强吸收(RL < -20 dB),满足"薄、轻、宽、强"的实用化需求。 该工作为农林废弃物高值化利用和高性能微波吸收材料设计提供了绿色可持续的新路径,"生物质分级结构继承+原位磁化"策略可拓展至稻壳、秸秆、椰壳等多种生物质前驱体,在电磁防护和隐身技术领域具有广阔应用前景。 文献:

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